    ELECTRO MAGNETIC PULSES         
    ------- -------- ------         
                                    
Imagine a very bright flash in the sky! No one is hurt. But, your transistor
radio stops playing, your car won't start, the telephone doesn't ring,
lights stay off, and we find ourselves  in the stone age!                      
                                       
THE developement of modern high-tech    semiconductor devices have paralleled
unsettled relations between the nations of the world with resulting technol-
ogical advances affecting the lives of  every citizen of North America.  Com-
munications have been made faster, automobiles more fuel-efficient and
maintenance-free, TV sets, video-tape   recorders, and virtually every other
piece of electronics equipment have been improved by the advent of the
semiconductor and its high-tech advancements.  The relationship between
nuclear weapons and the recent electronics advances may seem unclear, but
a nuclear attack on the North American continent could make that relationship
glaringly apparent.                    
ALL nuclear explosions produce electromagnetic pulses (EMP's) and the ensuing
induced voltages and currents produced in conductors ( wires and cables ) are
comparable in strength to the strongest of lightning bolts.  EMP's may reach 3
million volts and 10,000 amperes for a total of 30-billion watts of energy.
 The largest commercial radio stations in the U.S. and Canada radiate 50,000
watts, or approximately one-millionth that much power!  The major difference
between EMP's and lightning is that EMP's are induced simultaneously over
an entire wide area, while lightning occurs at a single location.          
                                       
  Significance of the Problem          
  ------------ -- --- -------         
                                      
THREE ten-megaton thermonuclear weapons detonated 250 miles ( 400 kilometers )
above the United States or Canada would produce EMP's strong enough to knock
out the entire electrical power grid of North America including the entire
civilian-telephone network, and just about every broadcast station.
 Virtually every piece of unprotected electronic equipment in the country
-- radios, TV sets, computers, electronic controls in homes, office build-
ings, factories, cars, airplanes, and instruments in hospitals -- would be
damaged, if not destroyed.  The pulses would also damage or destroy large
portions of the military command's control and communication (C3) system.
A chain reaction could be set in motion at nuclear power plants, due to elec-
tromagnetic pulses. Although it is a point that is frequently disputed, the
possibility exists that reactor core meltdowns might occur as a result of
EMP's.  The meltdowns would be a by-product of electronic control system
failure.  The control systems are used to monitor and control the processes at
the plants. The EMP's could cause the system to fail and result in partial or
complete loss of control over vital functions, causing subsequent melt-
downs.  We know that those nuclear plants are designed to be fail safe,
but has anyone considered the possibility of every circuit breaker in a
plant failing at the same instant?    
                                       
                                       
  Characteristics of EMP's             
  --------------- -- -----             
                                      
AT an altitude of 250 miles, the gamma rays produced in the first few nano-
seconds ( billionths-of-a-second ) of a nuclear explosion can travel hundreds
of kilometers before colliding with electrons in atmospheric molecules.
 That kind of collision may take place in a region 2,000 miles in diameter and
6-miles thick.  Electrons are accelerated by those collisions, a phen-
omenon referred to as the Compton effect; and upon reaching the earth's
magnetic field, they set up electromagnetic pulses that radiate downward
toward earth (Fig.1).  Due to the extremely large area of collision, vast
amounts of ground area are exposed to electromagnetic fields with strengths
up to 50,000-volts per meter.  The ground area exposed to electromagnetic
pulses could cover the entire continental United States and most of
Canada by one nuclear blast; if not, certainly large regions such as New
England would be electrically and electronically devastated.             
                                       
                                       
FIG. 1 -- Electrons set into motion by gamma rays from a nuclear explosion in
space will produce enormous electromotive pulses (EMP's) when the negative
charges enter the Earth's magnetic-field. It is estimated that the ideal
height for such an explosion should be 250 miles above the Earth's surface.
                                      
                                     
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:                                     :
:               O - Nuclear Explosion :
:                                     :
:             /  /                    :
:            /  /   - Gamma Rays      :
:   ---------------------------       :
:  <  Earth's Magnetic Field   >      :
:   ---------------------------       :
:   *******   *******   *******       :
:    *****     *****     *****        :
:     ***  EMP  ***  EMP  ***         :
:    *****     *****     *****        :
:   *******   *******   *******       :
: ===============================     :
:            EARTH                    :
:                                     :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
                                       
                                       
  Vulnerability                        
  -------------                        
                                       
THE effects that electromagnetic pulses would have on a mass of circuitry are
difficult to predict because the interactions are complex.  But, the more
complex the components, the easier they are to damage.  Power lines are one
avenue for EMP damage, and a company making a shielded tubing to go over
power and signal carrying conductors obviously had EMP in mind when they
invented their "Zippertubing". That covering acts as a partial shield
to EMP's.                             
FOR each component, damage would come from the internal pickup of the circuit
itself, as well as surges fed to it by all other attached conductors (power
lines, other circuits,and metal parts). ANOTHER concern is that generators and
motors with their numerous internal windings of copper wire could be
rendered useless in an EMP attack; and with subsequent inoperative water
pumping stations, desert population-centers could persih.  In the dead of
winter, motors in heating units would be destroyed and the chilling freeze in
the northern portions of the North American continent would bring those
areas to a standstill.  Food and fuel shipments would halt because fusible
links and electronic ignitions would be destroyed in cars and trucks.  It's 
difficult to conceive a family anywhere on the continent not suffering extreme
hardships.                             
THE more complex the electronics components, the more vulnerable they 
are to electromagnetic pulses. Hardness describes the vulnerability of an
electrical device and it is best for old-style vacuum tubes, less for semi-
conductors, and even less for microcircuitry.  It would take 100 times 
more EMP energy to damage the tubes than integrated circuits.  Computers
may be upset through memory erasure with 100 times less energy than
required to damage integrated circuits; refer to Fig. 3.  Aircraft in the air
and parked on open surfaces would be disabled, because electronics controls
the crafts' flight instruments and control surfaces.                      
                                       
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:(-8)(-6)(-4)(-2) (1) (2) (4) (6) (8) :
:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::
:                          ######     :
:                                     :
:         $$$$$$$$                    :
:                                     :
:      %%%%%%%                        :
:                                     :
:    &&&&&&&                          :
:                                     :
:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::
:(-8)(-6)(-4)(-2) (1) (2) (4) (6) (8) :
:( Powers of TEN)        <Fig. 3>     :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  RANGE OF THRESHOLD ENERGY, JOULES  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
: # = Motors and Transformers         :
: $ = Vacuum Tubes                    :
: % = Low-Power Transistors           :
: & = Integrated Circuits             :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
                                       
                                       
  Hardening Communications Equipment   
  --------- -------------- ---------   
                                       
HARDENING of electronics communications equipment is vital to the military,
and, to a lesser extent, the civilian populace.  The Department of Defense
has established an Electromagnetic Compatibility Program (EMCP) to ensure
that all military Communication-Electronic (CE) equipment subsystems, and
systems are protected from electromagnetic interference of all kinds.
That program was implemented to ensure that electromagnetic compatibility is
maintained through design, acquistion, and operational phases. Numerous semi-
conductor manufacturers now produce what are called "radiation-hardened"
integrated circuits, just for that reason.                                
THERE are three major design criteria which must be considered when hardening
against EMP's.  They are cost, the equipment's ability to survive EMP, and
failure rates of the shielding components.                               
COST includes both installation and maintenance.  Some protection practices,
such as shielding the entire communication site, may be attractive from a
technical point of view, but are impractically expensive.               
THE electronic equipment's ability to survive an EMP attack must be measured
in order to determine how much EMP protection is needed.  A testing device
for measuring the radiated electromagnetic susceptibility of an elect-
ronic device is a Transverse Electromagnetic Mode (TEM) cell.  A TEM cell
consists of a group of electronic instruments and a special specimen holder
that simulates an environment of free space.  The TEM cell is used for per-
forming electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility (EMI/EMC)
measurements and evaluating protection devices.                               
                                       
  Shielding Methods                    
  --------- -------                    
                                       
IN order to predict the effect of an electromagnetic pulse on electronic
equipment, it is necessary to assess the enviroment.  The structures housing
the electronic equipment are made in various shapes and sizes, and are con-
nected to the outside world by conductors such as utility lines and pipes,
communication lines, and access and ventilation structures.(Refer to fig.5)
That combination of criteria makes the exact determination of the interaction
of an EMP with such a variety of structures extremely difficult.  However,
for complex systems, it is convenient to have several layers of shielding.
(Refer to Fig. 6).
                                       
                                       
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:   EMP                  Lightning    :
:  ////                   V V V       :
:   ------------------------------    :
:   !*            Building       !    :
:P--+**                          !    :
:   !*                           !    :
:   !   EMP Penetration          !    :
:   !                            !    :
:   !                            !    :
: +-+    *                       !    :
: ! !   ***                      !    :
: ! -----!------------------------    :
: !      !                            :
:=!======!==========================  :
:Gnd     ! - Buried Cable             :
:--------+                            :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  P = Power Lines        Fig. 5. --  :
: -- A sealed metal box is an ideal   :
: structure for eliminating EMP pen-  :
: etration. However, power lines and  :
: signal cables require entry ports   :
: thus compromising the integrity of  :
: a shielded building. Obviously, it  :
: is apparent that doors and windows  :
: would have a greater leakage effect.:
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:               Shield 1              :
:         ********************        :
:        *  Zone 1 (internal) *       :
:       *    ==============    *      :
:      *    =    Zone 2    =----*     :
:      * g =   ##########   = g *     :
:      * r =  ############  = r *     :
:      * o =--###ZONE 3###  = o *     :
:      * u =  ############--= u *     :
:      * n =   ##########   = n *     :
:      * d =   (cabinet-    = d *     :
:       *---= environment) =   *      :
:        *   ==============   *       :
:         *   Shield 2       *        :
:          ******************         :
:    !------!                         :
:    !                                :
:    !        Zone 0 (External-       :
:    !                Environment)    :
:----!--------------------------------:
:    =     EARTH                      :
:                                     :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
: Fig. 6 -- More than one shield can  :
: be used to secure the environment of:
: the machinery and electronic mat-   :
: erial contained within a building.  :
: The building can provide the initial:
: shield. Shielded rooms or metal cab-:
: inets may provide a second shield.  :
: A third shield (not diagrammed)     :
: would protect entry cables from     :
: violating the shielded area of      :
: zone 3.                             :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
                                       
                                       
                                       
  Shield 1                             
  ------ -                             
                                       
A structure composed of a great deal of metal is well shielded against electro-
magnetic pulses, while a building made primarily of wood is virtually un-
shielded against EMP's.  Continuous, closed sheet-metal shields are, by far,
the most effective electromagnetic shields.  It is imperative that the in-
ternal environment of zone 1 be connected to the outside world.  That fact
makes a closed sheet-metal shield impossible.  Aperatures in shield 1
create a special problem in protecting communication sites from EMP penetra-
tion.                                  
THE electromagnetic field penetration depends on the aperature size.  If a
given area of wall opening is subdivided into ten small openings having
the same total area, the penetrating EMP fields at an interior point will be
1/SQR(10) as large as for a single large opening of the same total area.
(Refer to Fig. 7).                     
Therefore, it is better for a structure to have more small openings than
just a few larger openings.            
A common treatment for such openings is to cover them with a conducting
screen or mesh so that the large opening is converted to a multitude of
small openings, or use a glass impregnated with metal.  That glass, despite
having metal in it, offers approximately the same degree of visual att-
enuation or lack of clarity as looking through a screen door from within the
house.                                 
                                       
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:        !!           !!              :
: ###### !!  ######## !!              :
:      # !!         # !!              :
: EMP *==!!         # !!              :
:      # !!         # !!              :
:      # !!    E   *==!!              :
: EMP *==!!    M  **==!!              :
:      # !!    P  **==!!              :
:      # !!        *==!!              :
: EMP *==!!         # !!              :
:      # !!         # !!              :
:      # !!         # !!              :
: EMP *==!!         # !!              :
:      # !!         # !!              :
:      #            #                 :
: ######     ########                 :
:    Shield       Shield              :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
: Fig. 7 -- The electromagnetic field :
: penetration into a ported shield is :
: minimized by reducing the size of   :
: the openings. In the diagram the    :
: open area of the port of the example:
: on the right is equal to the sum of :
: the areas in the example at left.   :
: The diagram clearly shows that the  :
: penetration of an EMP is less when  :
: equal areas are summed from several :
: small ports.                        :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
                                       
                                       
                                       
  Shields 2 and 3                      
  ------- - --- -                      
                                       
THE second-level shield seperates the internal environment from the sensitive
small-signal circuits within the electronic equipment found within Zone 2.
Shielding here may be accomplished by electrically grounding the metal cabin-
ets and equipment.                     
SHIELD 3 involves the shielding of the interconnection of the equipment.  That
could involve elaborate design of interconnecting signal transmission lines.
 Fiberoptic signal transmission shows great promise here because it is
not effected by any type of electromagnetic interference.                    
                                       
  Hardening Aircraft and Missles       
  --------- -------- --- -------       
                                       
GENERALLY, the EMP interaction with electrical systems inside structures such
as aircraft and missles depends upon a multitude of factors.  Aircraft and
missles usually have a nearly complete metallic exterior covering that serves
as a shield from electromagnetic fields.  However, that shield alone is
not enough protection against electromagnetic pulses.                       
Missles and Aircraft are equipped with computers that cannot be upset even for
an instant.  They must be partically well hardened.                  
AT the present time, there is no agreement on the most effective ways to
harden aircraft and missles.  Heavy shielding, like the type used at com-
munication sites, is obviously impractical because of the added weight that
the aircraft has to carry.  Instead, EMP resistance is designed into the
aircraft's equipment.  One example of that would be in the area of circuit
design.  Small loops make better antennas for EMP's than short straight
lines; therefore, circuits are designed in tree or branching layouts rather
than in more conventional circuit loops.
                                       
                                       
  Is Shielding Help on the Way?        
  -- --------- ---- -- --- ----        
                                       
IN the last decade, electronic devices have proliferated in all areas of our
lives.  That influx of products has caused a problem: Noise Pollution, or
EMI/RFI ( electromagnetic/radio frequency interference).  Over 80,000 cases
of noise pollution were reported to the FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
in 1982.                                
STRANGE as it may sound, the plastics industry is coming to the rescue with
plastic electronic-equipment enclosures specifically designed for both EMI con-
tainment and shielding.  Obviously, with EMP's as an external disturbance, the 
containment of a field is academic, but the shielding from an outside field is
crucial.  The parameter describing that is Shielding Effectiveness (SE) and the
equation for shielding effectiveness is 
                                       
          SE = A + R,                   
                                        
or shielding effectiveness equals Absorbed plus Reflected energy.           
HIGHLY conductive materials such as pure metal shields reflect approximately 99
percent of the energy and adsorb 1 percent.  But plastics with metallic comp-
osite fillers, metallic paints and sprays, or even impregnated wire meshes
still reflect 80 percent of the energy and absorb 20 percent.  If EMP's and the
disturbing effects of electromagnetic fields still seem like an abstraction or
a physicist's dream, consider that event. 
                                        
A manufacturer of buses designed for city use had just delivered a fleet when, 
during a test drive, a problem was discovered.  After going over the top of a
hill, the driver tried to brake, only to discover he had no brakes until he got
to the bottom of the hill.  Upon logical investigation of that problem, field-
strength meters demonstrated that a local television station had a lobe-shaped
radiation pattern that intersected the hill's apex.  The microprocessor-
controlled anti-skid braking system on the bus had sensitive circuitry that
became inoperative because of the TV signal.  The bus, though, was made safe
by properly shielding the enclosure housing the electronics.  Graphite,
a moderately good conductor, is fabricated within large plastic sheets
for applications such as that. 
IF a signal as small as that can effect circuitry that drastically, you can
imagine what an EMP could do and likewise you can see how crucial EMI
shielding is.  But will EMI shielding be universally implemented into new
equipment?                           
                                      
                                     
  The Military's Involvement        
  --- ---------- -----------          
                                     
THE military is very concerned with EMP's. The Army has established its
Aurora Tree test facility in Aldelphi, Maryland.  The Navy has the Casino and
Gamble-2 x-ray emitting facilities, but the Air Force probably has the most
interesting project of all.  It is the Trestle, after the railroad structure
it resembles.                          
THAT 12-story (118 feet) high, 58-meter (200-foot) square deck is flanked by a 
50-foot wide adjoining ramp upon which aircraft to be tested are rolled up.
 The Trestle can support aircraft weighing 550,000 pounds and is built
with one-foot by one-foot wooden columns using no nails or metal of any
kind.  That largest glue-laminated structure in the world uses 250,000
wooden bolts to hold its six-million board feet of lumber together ---
enough for 4,000 frame houses.  The structure at Kirtland Air Force Base,
New Mexico cost approximately 58-million dollars.                 
THE Trestle has two 5-million volt pulsers that discharge energy into
wire transmission lines surrounding the aircraft under test.  Sensors
capture aircraft response signals and fiber-optic channels transmit
that sensor data to computers for processing.  The processing equip-
ment, though, naturally resides inside a very well shielded structure.
The B-52G's OAS (Offensive Avionics System) is one of numerous studies
directed primarily at testing the electronic hardening of military
systems.  
                                       
                                   
  The Future                       
  --- ------                        
                                   
THE effects of EMP on our lives is becoming known to many on the North
American continent as it is being discovered by all the citizens of
the free world.  Its political implications are not the topic here,
but rather the facts in this article reveal to what EMP is and what it
can do to the technological devices we rely on every minute of the day.
The next time a solar flare disrupts radio communications around the world
for a few hours, or maybe a few days, recall that man with one nuclear
device can outshine the damage old Sol creates by many fold.            
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
  GLOSSARY OF TERMS                 
  -----------------                 
                                   
ElectroMagnetic Pulse (EMP):  An electromagnetic field of high
intensity and short duration that may be caused by a nuclear
explosion.                         
          -----------------------------------
Electromagnetic Field:   A magnetic field produced by elect-
ricity (the flow of current in a wire or electrons through a medium
such as a vacuum). It is usually expressed in volts per meter.      
          -----------------------------------
ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC): The ability of an electronic device
to deal with electromagnetic interference and function properly.     
          -----------------------------------
ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI): Any adverse effect on electronic
equipment due to an electromagnetic field.                             
          -----------------------------------
Shielding or Hardening:  A method used to protect electronic devices
from EMP interruption or damage.
          -----------------------------------
                                   
                                   
                                   
 Written: Art Reichert / March 21, 1988
                                   
http://www.textfiles.com/survival/emp.txt